Template:Reflist/doc: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 14:37, 4 November 2023

Lua error in Module:Effective_protection_level at line 63: attempt to index field 'TitleBlacklist' (a nil value).

This is a documentation subpage for Template:Terminate sentence
It may contain usage information, categories and other content that is not part of the original template page.

This template is used on approximately 5,650,000 pages, or roughly 47736% of all pages.
To avoid major disruption and server load, any changes should be tested in the template's /sandbox or /testcases subpages, or in your own user subpage. The tested changes can be added to this page in a single edit. Consider discussing changes on the talk page before implementing them.

Shortcuts

{{refs}}
{{rflist}}

Template:Template redirect

See this information on copying this template and modifying it for use on another wiki.

This template uses Lua:

Module:Check for unknown parameters

This template uses TemplateStyles:

Template:Reflist/styles.css

This citation template provides formatting and organizational features for footnotes. It encapsulates the <references /> tag used by the Cite MediaWiki extension to show the list of references as defined by <ref> tags. It adds support for sizing the column width, groups and List-defined references.

Parameters

There are no required parameters; if none are supplied, a single-column list will be generated if there are fewer than 10 references in the list. If you have more than 10 references, it will use columns of 30em wide if your device allows this.

Optional parameters are:

Unnamed parameter (must be the first one if used): the minimum width for each column of references, typically in ems. Syntax (for example) |30em with no space (i.e. not |30 em). Note that this replaces colwidth—see § Obsolete parameters.
refs: used with List-defined references.
group: identifies by name the subset of references to be rendered; the value should correspond to that used inline, e.g., {{Reflist|group=groupname}} renders all references with groupname as the group name (<ref group="groupname">). There are five pre-defined group names that style the list differently. See § Grouped references below.
liststyle: specifies the style used when the reference list is rendered. The default is a numbered list. When set, it will override the style set by the |group= parameter, without affecting group functionality. See § List styles below.

Usage

**Using only footnote-style references**
Markup	Renders as
Lorem ipsum.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}}	Lorem ipsum.^[1] Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.^[2] References ^ Source name, access date, etc. ^ Source name, access date, etc.

**Using only bibliographical style references (no direct references from the text)**
Markup	Renders as
Lorem ipsum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. ==References== {{Refbegin}} * reference 1 * reference 2 {{Refend}}	Lorem ipsum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. References reference 1 reference 2

Using both footnote-style and bibliography-style references

Markup

Renders as

Lorem ipsum.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref>

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Refbegin}}
* reference 1
* reference 2
{{Refend}}

Lorem ipsum.^[1] Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.^[2]

References

^ Source name, access date, etc.
^ Source name, access date, etc.

reference 1
reference 2

Columns

{{Reflist|30em}} (for example) instructs the browser to create as many columns as possible (of width at least 30 em, in this example) given the width of the display window. (Units supported are em, ex, in, cm, mm, pt, pc, px, but em is almost always used.) There must not be a space between the number and the unit. Percent is not supported.

Choose a width appropriate to the typical width of the references:

Automatic columns (default when no width is specified): Where there are only a few Footnotes; see, e.g., Silver State Arena (23:05, 28 December 2012)
30em: Where there are many footnotes plus a page-width Bibliography subsection: see, e.g., Ebola virus disease (02:02, 12 January 2018)
20em: Where Shortened footnotes are used; see, e.g., NBR 224 and 420 Classes (13:32, 1 August 2011).

Example

15em wide columns (vary width of display window to see change in number of columns)

Markup

Renders as

Lorem ipsum.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref>
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref>
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref>
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref>
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|15em}}

Lorem ipsum.^[1] Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.^[2] Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.^[3] Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.^[4] Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.^[5]

References

^ Source name, access date, etc.
^ Source name, access date, etc.
^ Source name, access date, etc.
^ Source name, access date, etc.
^ Source name, access date, etc.

The syntax {{Reflist|2}} (for example), which specifies two columns of equal width regardless of the available display width, is deprecated. When you use 1 the template gives you a single column while 2 will pretend you specified 30em. When using higher column counts, it will pretend you specified 25em.

List-defined references

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A list of references may be defined within {{Reflist}} using the |refs= parameter, just like including named <ref name="...">...</ref> elements inside the <references>...</references> container.

Example

Markup	Renders as
This is reference 1.<ref name="refname1" /> This is reference 2.<ref name="refname2" /> ==References== {{Reflist\|refs= <ref name="refname1">content1</ref> <ref name="refname2">content2</ref> }}	This is reference 1.^[1] This is reference 2.^[2] References ^ content1 ^ content2

Grouped references

Lua error in Module:Further at line 31: attempt to call field 'formatPages' (a nil value).

References can be grouped into separate sections (for explanatory notes, table references, and the like) via group=:

<ref group="groupname">

where groupname is (for example) notes or sources. The group name need not be enclosed in quotes; this differs from the footnote marker where quotes are required if the group name includes a space.

Each group used in the article must have a matching reference list:

{{Reflist|group=groupname}}

Predefined groups

Lua error in Module:Further at line 31: attempt to call field 'formatPages' (a nil value).

There are predefined group names that automatically set the labels in the footnote markers and the reference list to other styles. Thus, setting {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} will set the group to lower-alpha and will style the reference list with lower alpha characters. The matching footnote marker can be formed by <ref group="lower-alpha">...</ref>. This is made easier by a series of templates to set the group/label styles for the footnote marker and the reference list:

Group type	Footnote marker template or markup	Reference list template	Sample labels
none by default, but optionally any	`<ref>...</ref>`	`{{reflist}}`	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
	`{{r}}` (for nested references)
	`{{refn}}` (for nested references)
lower-alpha	`{{efn}}` `{{efn-la}}`	`{{notelist}}` `{{notelist-la}}`	a b c d e f g h i j
upper-alpha	`{{efn-ua}}`	`{{notelist-ua}}`	A B C D E F G H I J
lower-roman	`{{efn-lr}}`	`{{notelist-lr}}`	i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x
upper-roman	`{{efn-ur}}`	`{{notelist-ur}}`	I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
lower-greek	`{{efn-lg}}`	`{{notelist-lg}}`	α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ
note	`{{NoteTag}}`	`{{NoteFoot}}`	note 1 note 2 note 3

List styles

As noted in § Predefined groups, there are predefined groups that automatically add list styling. Using the listed templates is more convenient than using |liststyle=.

Reference lists are by default numbered lists. By using the |liststyle= parameter, you can control how the list is rendered. For example, using |liststyle=upper-roman will result in references being labeled with Roman numerals instead of decimal numbers. The parameter accepts any valid CSS value defined for list-style-type as shown below.

CSS list-style-type values

CSS 2.1 list-style-type values^[1]

none
text text text text

Internet Explorer					Firefox			Safari		Chrome				Opera
6	7	8	9	10	3	4	5	4	5	9	10	11	12	10	11	12
Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

disc
text text text text

Internet Explorer					Firefox			Safari		Chrome				Opera
6	7	8	9	10	3	4	5	4	5	9	10	11	12	10	11	12
Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

circle
text text text text

Internet Explorer					Firefox			Safari		Chrome				Opera
6	7	8	9	10	3	4	5	4	5	9	10	11	12	10	11	12
Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

square
text text text text

Internet Explorer					Firefox			Safari		Chrome				Opera
6	7	8	9	10	3	4	5	4	5	9	10	11	12	10	11	12
Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

decimal
text text text text

Internet Explorer					Firefox			Safari		Chrome				Opera
6	7	8	9	10	3	4	5	4	5	9	10	11	12	10	11	12
Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

decimal-leading-zero
text text text text

Internet Explorer					Firefox			Safari		Chrome				Opera
6	7	8	9	10	3	4	5	4	5	9	10	11	12	10	11	12
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

lower-roman
text text text text

Internet Explorer					Firefox			Safari		Chrome				Opera
6	7	8	9	10	3	4	5	4	5	9	10	11	12	10	11	12
Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

upper-roman
text text text text

Internet Explorer					Firefox			Safari		Chrome				Opera
6	7	8	9	10	3	4	5	4	5	9	10	11	12	10	11	12
Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

lower-alpha
text text text text

Internet Explorer					Firefox			Safari		Chrome				Opera
6	7	8	9	10	3	4	5	4	5	9	10	11	12	10	11	12
Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

upper-alpha
text text text text

Internet Explorer					Firefox			Safari		Chrome				Opera
6	7	8	9	10	3	4	5	4	5	9	10	11	12	10	11	12
Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

lower-greek
text text text text

Internet Explorer					Firefox			Safari		Chrome				Opera
6	7	8	9	10	3	4	5	4	5	9	10	11	12	10	11	12
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

armenian
text text text text

Internet Explorer					Firefox			Safari		Chrome				Opera
6	7	8	9	10	3	4	5	4	5	9	10	11	12	10	11	12
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

georgian
text text text text

Internet Explorer					Firefox			Safari		Chrome				Opera
6	7	8	9	10	3	4	5	4	5	9	10	11	12	10	11	12
No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

CSS2 list-style-type values deprecated in CSS 2.1^[2]

...but still supported by some browsers.

hebrew
text text text text

Internet Explorer					Firefox			Safari		Chrome				Opera
6	7	8	9	10	3	4	5	4	5	9	10	11	12	10	11	12
No	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No

cjk-ideographic
text text text text

Internet Explorer					Firefox			Safari		Chrome				Opera
6	7	8	9	10	3	4	5	4	5	9	10	11	12	10	11	12
No	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No

hiragana
text text text text

Internet Explorer					Firefox			Safari		Chrome				Opera
6	7	8	9	10	3	4	5	4	5	9	10	11	12	10	11	12
No	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No

katakana
text text text text

Internet Explorer					Firefox			Safari		Chrome				Opera
6	7	8	9	10	3	4	5	4	5	9	10	11	12	10	11	12
No	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No

hiragana-iroha
text text text text

Internet Explorer					Firefox			Safari		Chrome				Opera
6	7	8	9	10	3	4	5	4	5	9	10	11	12	10	11	12
No	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No

katakana-iroha
text text text text

Internet Explorer					Firefox			Safari		Chrome				Opera
6	7	8	9	10	3	4	5	4	5	9	10	11	12	10	11	12
No	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No

It is possible to use |liststyle= so that the labels for the footnote marker and the reference list marker differ. This should be used with care as it can be confusing to readers. For example:

Markup	Renders as
<ref group="note">Reference</ref> {{Reflist\|group=note\|liststyle=lower-alpha}}	^{[note 1]} ^ Reference

Interaction with images

In the unusual case of an image being placed to the left of a reference list, layout problems may occur on some browsers. This can be prevented by using the columns feature.

Technical details

The font size should reduce to 90% for most browsers, but may appear to show at 100% for Internet Explorer and possibly other browsers.^{[general 1]} As of December 21, 2010, the standard <references /> tag has the same font styling. The smaller font may be disabled through Preferences → Gadgets → Disable smaller font sizes of elements such as Infoboxes, Navboxes and References lists.

Browser support for columns

CSS3 multiple-column layout browser support
Property	Internet Explorer	Firefox	Safari	Chrome	Opera
column-width column-count	≥ 10 (2012)	≥ 1.5 (2005)	≥ 3 (2007)	≥ 1 (2008)	≥ 11.1 (2011)
columns	≥ 10 (2012)	≥ 9 (2011)	≥ 3 (2007)	≥ 1 (2008)	≥ 11.1 (2011)
break-before break-after break-inside	≥ 10 (2012)	No	No	No	≥ 11.1 (2011)
v · d · e

Multiple columns are generated by using CSS3, which is still in development; thus only browsers that properly support the multi-column property will show multiple columns with {{Reflist}}.^{[general 2]}^{[general 3]}

These browsers support CSS3 columns:

Gecko-based browsers such as Mozilla Firefox
WebKit-based browsers such as Safari and Google Chrome
Opera from version 11.10 onward
Internet Explorer from version 10 onward

These browsers do not support CSS3 columns:

Microsoft MSHTML-based browsers including Internet Explorer up to version 9^{[general 4]}
Opera through to version 11

Widows and orphans

The use of columns can result in widows and orphans, where a citation at the bottom of a column may be split to the top of the next column. MediaWiki:Common.css includes CSS rules to prevent list items from breaking between columns. Widows may still show in extreme circumstances, such as a reference list formatted in columns where only a single reference is defined.

Markup	Renders as
Lorem ipsum.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. ==References== {{Reflist\|10em}}	Lorem ipsum.^[1] Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. References ^ Source name, access date, etc.

Customizing the view

Lua error in Module:Further at line 31: attempt to call field 'formatPages' (a nil value).

By editing your CSS, the personal appearance of the reference list can be customized. From Preferences, select the Appearance tab, then on the selected skin select Custom CSS. After editing and saving, follow the instructions at the top of the page to purge. See Wikipedia:Skin#Customisation (advanced users) for more help.

Font size

The font size for all reference lists defaults to 90% of the standard size. To change it, add:

ol.references,
.mw-parser-output div.reflist,
.mw-parser-output div.refbegin {
  font-size: 90%;
}

Change 90% to the desired size.

Columns

To disable columns, add:

.references-column-width {
  column-width: auto !important;
}

Column dividers

To add dividers (rules) between columns, add:

.references-column-width {
  column-rule: 1px solid #aaa;
}

You can alter the appearance of the dividers by changing the values.

Perennial suggestions

Collapsing and scrolling

There have been a number of requests to add functionality for a collapsible or scrolling reference list. These requests have not been fulfilled due to issues with readability, accessibility, and printing. The applicable guidelines are at MOS:SCROLL. Links between the inline cite and the reference list do not work when the reference list is enclosed in a collapsed box.

To display the reference list in a scrollbox or collapsed per user, see Help:Reference display customization.

For discussion on previous attempts to do this with a template, see the discussions for Scrollref and Refbox.

Including the section title

There have been suggestions to include section header markup such as ==References==. This is inadvisable because:

There is no standard section name
When transcluded, the article will have an edit link that will confusingly open the template for editing.

Obsolete parameters

These parameters are no longer in use:

colwidth: Same as specifying a column-width for the first unnamed parameter. Replaced by width as unnamed first parameter.

Articles using unsupported parameters are tracked in Category:Pages using reflist with unknown parameters (0).

Template data

This is the TemplateData for this template used by TemplateWizard, VisualEditor and other tools. See a monthly parameter usage report for Template:Reflist in articles based on its TemplateData.

TemplateData for Reflist

This template displays the list of footnotes at the end of an article and provides additional formatting and organizing options. After hitting "Apply changes" and turning back to VE read mode, you will not see the references list. After hitting "Publish page" and turning back to normal read mode the reference list will reappear with the changes applied, see T53146.

Template parameters
Parameter		Description	Type	Status
Columns / Column width	`1` `colwidth`	Two modes supported. First mode (deprecated): integer number of fixed columns into which the reference list is to be rendered. Second mode: typographic unit of measurement such as 'em', specifying the width for the reference list columns, e.g. '33em'; spaced '33 em' will not be recognized Default 1 if < 11 references; otherwise 30em	String	optional
Liststyle	`liststyle`	Specifies the style used when the reference list is enumerated; accepts any valid CSS value defined for list-style-type Suggested values `none` `disc` `circle` `square` `decimal` `decimal-leading-zero` `lower-roman` `upper-roman` `lower-alpha` `upper-alpha` `lower-greek` `armenian` `georgian` Default decimal	String	optional
Group	`group`	Group is an identifier which restricts the references that are shown. Without this parameter, this template only shows references with no group identifier. With a group identifier specified, only references with a matching group identifier are handled. The rest are left alone.	String	optional
List of references	`refs`	Provides a space to define named references for use in the article. References defined in this space are not shown unless used somewhere in the article.	String	optional

Limitations

Do not use {{Reflist}} or other templates or modules that use {{#tag:references}} in numbered or unnumbered lists if the list is inside an HTML div tag. See the talk page (permalink) for examples and details.

Template:No mark Template:Em dash :{{Reflist}}

Template:No mark Template:Em dash *{{Reflist}}

Template:No mark Template:Em dash #{{Reflist}}

Template:Yes check Template:Em dash {{Reflist}}

References

^ See User:Edokter/fonttest for a comparison of font sizes for various browsers; see previous discussions on changing the font size to resolve the IE issue.
^ "CSS3 Multi-Column Thriller". December 30, 2005. Retrieved November 24, 2006.
^ "CSS3 module: Multi-column layout". W3C. December 15, 2005. Retrieved November 24, 2006.
^ "CSS Compatibility and Internet Explorer: Multi-column Layout". Microsoft Docs. Microsoft Developer Network. Retrieved 2021-03-19.

Template:Wikipedia templates

[1] Source name, access date, etc.

[2] Source name, access date, etc.

[3] Source name, access date, etc.

[4] Source name, access date, etc.

[5] Source name, access date, etc.

[6] Source name, access date, etc.

[7] Source name, access date, etc.

[8] Source name, access date, etc.

[9] Source name, access date, etc.

[refname1-10] tent1

[refname2-11] tent2

[16] Reference

[14] "Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 Revision 1 (CSS 2.1) Specification". W3C. December 7, 2010.

[15] "Cascading Style Sheets, level 2 CSS2 Specification". W3C. April 11, 2008.

[21] Source name, access date, etc.

[fontsize-17] See User:Edokter/fonttest for a comparison of font sizes for various browsers; see previous discussions on changing the font size to resolve the IE issue.

[stuffandnonsense-18] "CSS3 Multi-Column Thriller". December 30, 2005. Retrieved November 24, 2006.

[w3org1-19] "CSS3 module: Multi-column layout". W3C. December 15, 2005. Retrieved November 24, 2006.

[msdn-20] "CSS Compatibility and Internet Explorer: Multi-column Layout". Microsoft Docs. Microsoft Developer Network. Retrieved 2021-03-19.

[1]

[2]

[1]

[2]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[1]

[2]

[1]

[2]

[note 1]

[general 1]

[general 2]

[general 3]

[general 4]

[1]

v t e Wikipedia referencing
Policies and guidelines	Verifiability Biographies of living persons Reliable sources Medicine Citing sources Scientific citations
General advice	Citation needed Find sources Combining sources Offline sources Referencing styles
Citing sources	Citation Style 1 Citation Style 2 Citation Style Vancouver LSA Comics Citation templates Reflist template
Inline citations	Footnotes Parenthetical referencing Punctuation and footnotes Shortened footnotes Nesting footnotes
Help for beginners	Reference-tags Citations quick reference Introduction to referencing Referencing with citation templates Referencing without using templates Referencing dos and don'ts Citing Wikipedia
Advanced help	Cite link labels Citation tools Cite errors Cite messages Converting between references formats Reference display customization References and page numbers
Template documentation	{{Edit refs}} {{Refref}} {{Refref2}} {{Refstart}}
Tools	Wikipedia Library

v t e Wikipedia technical help
Get personal technical help at the Teahouse, Help desk, Village pump (technical), talk pages or IRC.
General technical help	Multilingual support Special Characters Entering Browser notes Troubleshooting Bypass cache Mobile access Printing Keyboard shortcuts Editing Edit toolbar CharInsert Edit conflict Reverting VisualEditor User guide User access levels Software notices Editnotice IRC Tutorial Create a page Page history Page information Page name Introduction
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Wiki markup	Wiki markup main page Cheatsheet Colours use Columns Line-break handling Lists Magic words For beginners Conditional expressions Switch parser function Time function Redirects Sections and TOCs Tables Introduction Basics Conditional tables Sorting Collapsing Advanced table formatting
Links and diffs	URLs Links Permanent link Interwikimedia links Interlanguage links Link color Pipe trick Colon trick Magic links Diffs Simplest diff guide Simple diff and link guide Complete diff and link guide
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Data structure	Namespaces Main/Article Talk namespaces Archiving User User page design Project/Wikipedia File File pages MediaWiki Bug reports and feature requests System message Template Help Category Portal Book Draft Education Program TimedText Module/Lua Topic/Flow Special Media
HTML and CSS	HTML in wikitext Markup validation Span tags Cascading Style Sheets Catalogue of CSS classes Useful styles Classes used in microformats Ambox classes Common.js and common.css
Customisation and tools	Preferences Skins Customizing watchlists Hide pages Gadgets Beta Features User scripts Guide Techniques IRC Scripts User styles Tools Navigation shortcuts Browser tools Alternative browsing Editing tools Optimum tool set Cleaning up vandalism tools Citation tools Wikimedia Labs
Automating editing	Bots Creating Twinkle HotCat WPCleaner igloo AutoWikiBrowser Navigation popups STiki AfC helper script Huggle
See also: Category:Wikipedia information pages Category:Wikipedia how-to Further navigation at: Help pages Administrators Templates Referencing Citation metadata Accessibility Bots User scripts Accounts

Template:Reflist/doc: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 14:37, 4 November 2023

Contents

Parameters

Usage

Columns

Example

List-defined references

Example

Grouped references

Predefined groups

List styles

Interaction with images

Technical details

Font size

Browser support for columns

Widows and orphans

Customizing the view

Perennial suggestions

Obsolete parameters

Template data

Limitations

See also

References

Navigation menu

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Documentation subpage}}
+<noinclude>{{pp-protected|small=yes}}</noinclude>{{Documentation subpage}}
-<includeonly>{{High-risk| 4188000+ }}</includeonly>
+{{High-use|all-pages=yes}}
 {{notice|<nowiki />
-* This page gives technical details for the {{tl|reflist}} template. For a full overview of this template in use, see [[Help:Footnotes]].
+* This page gives technical details for the {{tl|Reflist}} template. For a full overview of this template in use, see [[Help:Footnotes]].
 }}
+{{Template shortcut|refs|rflist}}
+{{Template redirect|Reference|Reference list|Footnotes}}
 {{Transwiki guide |small=yes |text=See [[Template:Reflist/Transwiki guide|'''this information''']] on copying this template and modifying it for use on another wiki.}}
-This [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] provides formatting and organizational features for [[Help:Footnotes|footnotes]].  It encapsulates the {{tag|references|s}} tag used by the {{cite.php}} MediaWiki extension to show the list of references as defined by {{tag|ref|o}} tags. It adds support for sizing the column width, groups and {{ldr}}.
+{{Lua|Module:Check for unknown parameters}}
+{{Uses TemplateStyles|Template:Reflist/styles.css}}
+This [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation template]] provides formatting and organizational features for [[Help:Footnotes|footnotes]]. It encapsulates the {{tag|references|s}} tag used by the {{cite.php}} MediaWiki extension to show the list of references as defined by {{tag|ref|o}} tags. It adds support for sizing the column width, groups and {{ldr}}.
 ==Parameters==
@@ Line 11: / Line 15: @@
 Optional parameters are:
-* Unnamed parameter (must be the first one if used): the minimum width for each column of references, typically in [[em (typography)#CSS|em]]s. Syntax (for example) {{para||30em}} with no space (i.e. not {{para||30 em}}).
+* Unnamed parameter (must be the first one if used): the minimum width for each column of references, typically in [[em (typography)#CSS|em]]s. Syntax (for example) {{para||30em}} with no space (i.e. not {{para||30 em}}). Note that this replaces '''colwidth'''—see [[#Obsolete parameters|§&nbsp;Obsolete parameters]].
 * '''refs''': used with {{ldr}}.
-* '''group''': identifies by name the subset of references to be rendered; the value should correspond to that used inline, e.g., {{tlx|Reflist|2=group=groupname}} renders all references with groupname as the group name ({{tag|ref|o|params=group=groupname}}). There are five pre-defined group names that style the list differently. See [[#Grouped references|§ Grouped references]] below.
+* '''group''': identifies by name the subset of references to be rendered; the value should correspond to that used inline, e.g., {{tlx|Reflist|2=group=groupname}} renders all references with ''groupname'' as the group name ({{tag|ref|o|params=group="groupname"}}). There are five pre-defined group names that style the list differently. See [[#Grouped references|§ Grouped references]] below.
 * '''liststyle''': specifies the style used when the reference list is rendered. The default is a numbered list. When set, it will override the style set by the {{para|group}} parameter, without affecting group functionality. See [[#List styles|§ List styles]] below.
 {{anchor|Multiple uses}}
@@ Line 74: / Line 78: @@
 ===Columns===
-{{tlx|Reflist|30em}} (for example) instructs the browser to create as many columns as possible (of width at least 30&nbsp;[[Em (typography)|em]], in this example) given the width of the display window. ([http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#length-units Units supported are em, ex, in, cm, mm, pt, pc, px], but em is almost always used.) There must not be a space between the number and the unit.
+{{tlx|Reflist|30em}} (for example) instructs the browser to create as many columns as possible (of width at least 30&nbsp;[[Em (typography)|em]], in this example) given the width of the display window. ([http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#length-units Units supported are em, ex, in, cm, mm, pt, pc, px], but em is almost always used.) There must not be a space between the number and the unit. Percent is not supported.
 Choose a width appropriate to the typical width of the references:
 * Automatic columns (default when no width is specified): Where there are only a few {{fnote}}; see, e.g., {{oldid|Silver State Arena|530211388#References|Silver State Arena (23:05, 28 December 2012)}}
-* 30em: Where there are many footnotes plus a page-width Bibliography subsection: see, e.g., {{oldid|Ebola virus disease|561190497#References|Ebola virus disease (06:28, 23 June 2013)}}
+* 30em: Where there are many footnotes plus a page-width Bibliography subsection: see, e.g., {{oldid|Ebola virus disease|819923970#References|Ebola virus disease (02:02, 12 January 2018)}}
 * 20em: Where {{sfnote}} are used; see, e.g., {{oldid|NBR 224 and 420 Classes|442508215#Notes|NBR 224 and 420 Classes (13:32, 1 August 2011)}}.
@@ Line 101: / Line 105: @@
 }}
-* <strong>Note 1:</strong> The syntax {{tlx|Reflist|2}} (for example), which specifies two columns of equal width ''regardless of the available display width'', is deprecated (and is disabled for mobile view). When you use 1 or 2, the template will pretend you specified 30em. When using higher column counts, it will pretend you specified 25em.
+The syntax {{tlx|Reflist|2}} (for example), which specifies two columns of equal width ''regardless of the available display width'', is deprecated. When you use 1 the template gives you a single column while 2 will pretend you specified 30em. When using higher column counts, it will pretend you specified 25em.
-* <strong>Note 2:</strong> Browser support: Internet Explorer 10+, Microsoft Edge, Firefox 2+, Chrome 4+, Safari 3.1+, Opera 11.1+
 ===List-defined references===
-{{see|Help:List-defined references}}
+{{Further|WP:LDR}}
 A list of references may be defined within {{tl|Reflist}} using the {{para|refs}} parameter, just like including named {{tag|ref|params=name="..."}} elements inside the {{tag|references}} container.
@@ Line 119: / Line 122: @@
 <ref name="refname2">content2</ref>
 }}</nowiki>
-|This is reference 1.<ref name="refname1" group=decimal/>
+|This is reference 1.<ref name="refname1" group="decimal"/>
-This is reference 2.<ref name="refname2" group=decimal/>
+This is reference 2.<ref name="refname2" group="decimal"/>
 {{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
@@ Line 130: / Line 133: @@
 ===Grouped references===
-{{details|WP:REFGROUP}}
+{{further|WP:REFGROUP}}
 References can be grouped into separate sections (for explanatory notes, table references, and the like) via <code>group=</code>:
-:{{tag|ref|open|params=group=<var>groupname</var>}}
+:{{tag|ref|open|params=group="<var>groupname</var>"}}
 where <var>groupname</var> is (for example) <code>notes</code> or <code>sources</code>. The group name need not be enclosed in quotes; this differs from the footnote marker where quotes are required if the group name includes a space.
@@ Line 139: / Line 143: @@
 ====Predefined groups====
-{{details|H:PREGROUP}}
+{{further|H:PREGROUP}}
-There are predefined group names that automatically set the labels in the footnote markers and the reference list to other styles. Thus, setting <code><nowiki>{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}</nowiki></code> will set the group to <code>lower-alpha</code> and will style the reference list with lower alpha characters. The matching footnote marker can be formed by {{tag|ref|params=group=lower-alpha}}. This is made easier by a series of templates to set the group/label styles for the footnote marker and the reference list:
+There are predefined group names that automatically set the labels in the footnote markers and the reference list to other styles. Thus, setting <code><nowiki>{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}</nowiki></code> will set the group to <code>lower-alpha</code> and will style the reference list with lower alpha characters. The matching footnote marker can be formed by {{tag|ref|params=group="lower-alpha"}}. This is made easier by a series of templates to set the group/label styles for the footnote marker and the reference list:
 {{#section:Help:Footnotes|pregrouptable}}
@@ Line 154: / Line 159: @@
 {{markup
-|1=<nowiki><ref group=note>Reference</ref>
+|1=<nowiki><ref group="note">Reference</ref>
 {{Reflist|group=note|liststyle=lower-alpha}}
 </nowiki>
-|2=<ref group=note>Reference</ref>
+|2=<ref group="note">Reference</ref>
 {{Reflist|group=note|liststyle=lower-alpha}}
@@ Line 169: / Line 174: @@
 ==Technical details==
 ===Font size===
-The font size should reduce to 90% for most browsers, but may appear to show at 100% for Internet Explorer and possibly other browsers.<ref group=general name=fontsize/> As of December 21, 2010, the standard {{tag|references|single}} tag has the same font styling. The smaller font may be disabled through {{myprefs|Gadgets|Disable smaller font sizes of elements such as Infoboxes, Navboxes and References lists}}.
+The font size should reduce to 90% for most browsers, but may appear to show at 100% for Internet Explorer and possibly other browsers.<ref group="general" name="fontsize" /> As of December 21, 2010, the standard {{tag|references|single}} tag has the same font styling. The smaller font may be disabled through {{myprefs|Gadgets|Disable smaller font sizes of elements such as Infoboxes, Navboxes and References lists}}.
 ===Browser support for columns===
 {{CSS3 multiple column layout}}
-Multiple columns are generated by using [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS3]], which is still in development; thus only browsers that properly support the multi-column property will show multiple columns with {{tl|Reflist}}.<ref group=general name="stuffandnonsense" /><ref group=general name="w3org1" />
+Multiple columns are generated by using [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS3]], which is still in development; thus only browsers that properly support the multi-column property will show multiple columns with {{tl|Reflist}}.<ref group="general" name="stuffandnonsense" /><ref group="general" name="w3org1" />
 These browsers '''support''' CSS3 columns:
-* [[Gecko (layout engine)|Gecko]]-based browsers such as [[Mozilla Firefox]]
+* [[Gecko (software)|Gecko]]-based browsers such as [[Mozilla Firefox]]
 * [[WebKit]]-based browsers such as [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]] and [[Google Chrome]]
 * [[Opera (web browser)|Opera]] from version 11.10 onward
@@ Line 183: / Line 188: @@
 These browsers do '''not support''' CSS3 columns:
-* Microsoft [[Trident (layout engine)|Trident]]-based browsers including Internet Explorer up to to version 9<ref group=general name="msdn" />
+* Microsoft [[MSHTML]]-based browsers including Internet Explorer up to version 9<ref group="general" name="msdn" />
 * [[Opera (web browser)|Opera]] through to version 11
@@ Line 201: / Line 206: @@
 {{Reflist|10em}}
 }}
-===Supporting CSS===
-{{tl|Reflist}} uses a CSS rule in [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] to set the font size:
-* <code>div.reflist { font-size: 90%; }</code>
-The following class is assigned by the template when column width is set:
-* <code>.references-column-width</code>
-The following CSS properties are utilized using the {{tl|column-width}} templates:
-* <code>column-width</code> CSS3 standard
-* <code>-moz-column-width</code> Mozilla CSS extension
-* <code>-webkit-column-width</code> Webkit CSS extension
 ===Customizing the view===
-{{see|Help:Reference display customization}}
+{{Further|Help:Reference display customization}}
 By editing your CSS, the personal appearance of the reference list can be customized. From [[Special:Preferences|Preferences]], select the Appearance tab, then on the selected skin select Custom CSS. After editing and saving, follow the instructions at the top of the page to purge. See [[Wikipedia:Skin#Customisation (advanced users)]] for more help.
@@ Line 223: / Line 216: @@
 The font size for all reference lists defaults to 90% of the standard size. To change it, add:
-<source lang="css">
+<syntaxhighlight lang="css">
 ol.references,
-div.reflist,
+.mw-parser-output div.reflist,
-div.refbegin {
+.mw-parser-output div.refbegin {
    font-size: 90%;
 }
-</source>
+</syntaxhighlight>
 Change 90% to the desired size.
@@ Line 237: / Line 230: @@
 To disable columns, add:
-<source lang="css">
+<syntaxhighlight lang="css">
 .references-column-width {
-  -moz-column-width: auto !important;
-  -webkit-column-width: auto !important;
    column-width: auto !important;
 }
-</source>
+</syntaxhighlight>
 '''Column dividers'''
@@ Line 249: / Line 240: @@
 To add dividers (rules) between columns, add:
-<source lang="css">
+<syntaxhighlight lang="css">
 .references-column-width {
-  -moz-column-rule: 1px solid #aaa;
-  -webkit-column-rule: 1px solid #aaa;
    column-rule: 1px solid #aaa;
 }
-</source>
+</syntaxhighlight>
 You can alter the appearance of the dividers by changing the values.
@@ Line 271: / Line 260: @@
 There have been suggestions to include section header markup such as <code>==References==</code>. This is inadvisable because:
-* There is no standard section name {{crossref|(see {{section link|WP:Manual of Style/Layout|Notes and references}})}}.
+* There is no standard section name {{crossreference|(see {{section link|WP:Manual of Style/Layout|Notes and references}})}}.
 * When transcluded, the article will have an edit link that will confusingly open the template for editing.
@@ Line 277: / Line 266: @@
 These parameters are no longer in use:
 * '''colwidth''': Same as specifying a column-width for the first unnamed parameter. Replaced by width as unnamed first parameter.
-* '''close''': Until 2014, the parameter {{para|close|1}} was used to work around a bug involving multiple uses of {{tl|Reflist}} on the same page. When the bug was fixed, this was removed. ''(For multiple uses on talk pages and other non-article pages structured in sections, see {{tl|Reflist-talk}}.)''
+Articles using unsupported parameters are tracked in {{clc|Pages using reflist with unknown parameters}}.
 ==Template data==
-{{TemplateDataHeader}}
+{{TemplateData header}}
 <templatedata>
 {
-	"description": "This template displays the list of footnotes at the end of an article and provides additional formatting and organizing options. After hitting \"Apply changes\" and turning back to VE read mode, you will not see the references list. After hitting \"Save page\" and turning back to normal read mode the reference list will reappear with the changes applied, see T53146.",
+	"description": "This template displays the list of footnotes at the end of an article and provides additional formatting and organizing options. After hitting \"Apply changes\" and turning back to VE read mode, you will not see the references list. After hitting \"Publish page\" and turning back to normal read mode the reference list will reappear with the changes applied, see T53146.",
 	"params": {
 		"1": {
@@ Line 289: / Line 279: @@
 			"type": "string",
 			"required": false,
-			"description": "Two modes supported.  First mode (deprecated): integer number of fixed columns into which the reference list is to be rendered.  Second mode: typographic unit of measurement such as 'em', specifying the width for the reference list columns, e.g. '33em'; spaced '33&nbsp;em' will not be recognized",
+			"description": "Two modes supported. First mode (deprecated): integer number of fixed columns into which the reference list is to be rendered.  Second mode: typographic unit of measurement such as 'em', specifying the width for the reference list columns, e.g. '33em'; spaced '33&nbsp;em' will not be recognized",
-			"default": "1",
+			"default": " 1 if < 11 references; otherwise 30em",
 			"aliases": [
 				"colwidth"
@@ Line 300: / Line 290: @@
 			"required": false,
 			"description": "Specifies the style used when the reference list is enumerated; accepts any valid CSS value defined for list-style-type",
-			"default": "decimal"
+			"default": "decimal",
+			"suggestedvalues": [
+				"none",
+				"disc",
+				"circle",
+				"square",
+				"decimal",
+				"decimal-leading-zero",
+				"lower-roman",
+				"upper-roman",
+				"lower-alpha",
+				"upper-alpha",
+				"lower-greek",
+				"armenian",
+				"georgian"
+			]
 		},
 		"group": {
@@ Line 317: / Line 322: @@
 }
 </templatedata>
+==Limitations==
+Do not use {{tl|Reflist}} or other templates or modules that use '''<nowiki>{{#tag:references}}</nowiki>''' in numbered or unnumbered lists if the list is inside an [[Span and div|HTML div tag]]. See [[Template talk:Reflist#Limitations|the talk page]] ([https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Reflist&oldid=942930696 permalink]) for examples and details.
+:{{no mark}} {{em dash}} <nowiki>:{{Reflist}}</nowiki>
+:{{no mark}} {{em dash}} <nowiki>*{{Reflist}}</nowiki>
+:{{no mark}} {{em dash}} <nowiki>#{{Reflist}}</nowiki>
+:{{yes check}} {{em dash}} <nowiki>{{Reflist}}</nowiki>
 ==See also==
-* {{phab|T53260}} - Cite: Support multi-column and alternative list-style for {{tag|references|s}} tag (like enwiki {{tl|reflist}})
 * [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]]&nbsp;– style guide for the citation of sources
 * [[Wikipedia:Citation templates]]&nbsp;– templates for use with references
+* [[Help:Shortened footnotes]]
+* {{tl|Notelist}} and {{tl|efn}}&nbsp;– templates for use with footnotes
 * {{tl|Refbegin}} and {{tl|Refend}}&nbsp;– format reference lists
+* {{phab|T53260}} – Support editing {{tag|references|s}} tags to set multi-column display on/off
 '''Variants'''
 * {{tl|Template reference list}}&nbsp;– version of reflist for use in templates
-* {{tl|Reflist-talk}}&nbsp;– for use in talk page sections and other non-mainspace pages
+* {{tl|Reflist-talk}} and {{tl|Sources-talk}}&nbsp;– for use in talk page sections and other non-mainspace pages
 ==References==
 {{Reflist|group=general|refs=
-<ref group=general name=fontsize>See [[User:Edokter/fonttest]] for a comparison of font sizes for various browsers; see [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=fonttest+prefix%3AMediaWiki+talk%3ACommon.css%2F&fulltext=Search&ns0=1 previous discussions] on changing the font size to resolve the IE issue.</ref>
+<ref group="general" name="fontsize">See [[User:Edokter/fonttest]] for a comparison of font sizes for various browsers; see [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=fonttest+prefix%3AMediaWiki+talk%3ACommon.css%2F&fulltext=Search&ns0=1 previous discussions] on changing the font size to resolve the IE issue.</ref>
-<ref group=general name=stuffandnonsense>{{cite web |accessdate=November 24, 2006 |date=December 30, 2005 |title=CSS3 Multi-Column Thriller |url=http://www.stuffandnonsense.co.uk/archives/css3_multi-column_thriller.html}}</ref>
+<ref group="general" name="stuffandnonsense">{{cite web |accessdate=November 24, 2006 |date=December 30, 2005 |title=CSS3 Multi-Column Thriller |url=http://www.stuffandnonsense.co.uk/archives/css3_multi-column_thriller.html}}</ref>
-<ref group=general name=w3org1>{{cite web |url=http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-multicol/ |title=CSS3 module: Multi-column layout |publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium|W3C]] |date=December 15, 2005 |accessdate=November 24, 2006}}</ref>
+<ref group="general" name="w3org1">{{cite web |url=http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-multicol/ |title=CSS3 module: Multi-column layout |publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium|W3C]] |date=December 15, 2005 |accessdate=November 24, 2006}}</ref>
-<ref group=general name=msdn>{{cite web |url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc351024(VS.85).aspx#multicolumn |title=CSS Compatibility and Internet Explorer: Multi-column Layout |work=Microsoft Developer Network |publisher=Microsoft |accessdate=March 16, 2011}}</ref>
+<ref group="general" name="msdn">{{cite web |url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/cc351024(v=vs.85)#multi-column-layout |title=CSS Compatibility and Internet Explorer: Multi-column Layout |work=[[Microsoft Docs]] |publisher=[[Microsoft Developer Network]] |access-date=2021-03-19}}</ref>
 }}
 {{Wikipedia referencing}}
-{{Wikipedia template messages}}
+{{Wikipedia templates}}
 {{Wikipedia technical help}}
-<includeonly>
+<includeonly>{{Sandbox other||
-{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox| |
 [[Category:Footnote templates]]
 [[Category:Reference list templates]]
 }}</includeonly>