Gandhara
Arab Republic of Gandhara | |
|---|---|
 Coat of arms
| |
Motto: بالله نثق (Arabic) In God we trust | |
Anthem: ترنيمة من غانذارا (Arabic) Hymn of the Gandhari | |
 | |
| Capital | Rhea |
| Largest city | Manas |
| Official languages | Arabic |
| Recognised regional languages | |
| Ethnic groups | |
| Demonym | Gandhari |
| Government | Unitary semi-presidential republic |
| Yasser Thunayan | |
• Prime Minister | Ahmad Jamil Bhatti |
| Area | |
• Total | 672,172 km2 (259,527 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• 2014 estimate | 32,114,607 |
• Density | 47.78/km2 (123.7/sq mi) |
| Currency | Gandhari dinar (GAD) |
| Time zone | GAT (UTC+9) |
| Date format | DD/MM/YYYY |
| Drives on the | right |
| Calling code | 969 |
| Internet TLD | .ga |
Gandhara (Arabic: غانذارا, Gāndhāra), officially the Arab Republic of Gandhara, is a country located in Outernatia. It is bordered by Lettuce in the west, by Dalmadria in the north, and by Almarania in the south. It has a population of around 32 million people and its territory covers 672,172 km² (259,527 sq mi). Its capital Rhea is among the oldest continuously-inhabited cities in the world.
The modern Gandhari state was established after the Gandhari Revolution, which led to the establishment of an Arab republic on 10 December 1957. The president of Gandhara is Yasser Thunayan since 4 September 2004.
Modern Gandhara is considered to be a regional and middle power, with significant cultural, political, and military influence in Outernatia and the Muslim world. Its economy is one of the largest and most diversified in Outernatia, and its extensive mineral and energy resources have made it one of the largest producers of oil and natural gas globally. While the capital Rhea is the political center, the city of Manas is considered the economic and business center of Gandhara. The national currency is the Gandhari dinar, and Arabic is the official language.
Etymology
The country's name derives from the ancient kingdom Gāndhāra (Sanskrit: गन्धार), that lasted from the Vedic period (ca.1750–500 BCE). The kingdom was located in modern day Sadat. The origin of the name is not certain, but it has been suggested that it originates from the Sanskrit word gandha, meaning perfume, referring to the spices and aromatic herbs which the inhabitants of the ancient kingdom traded and with which they anointed themselves.[1]
History
Mustafa dynasty
At the beginning of the 1500s, modern day Gandhara was divided into a patchwork of independent, mostly Arab states. Emir Shamal Mustafa of Sadat conquered Wakra in 1522. Several tribes opposed the Emir's rule and a period of civil war and turmoil began, after which Shamal Mustafa defeated most of his opponents. In 1530 Mustafa adopted the title of sultan and founded the Sultanate of Gandhara.
After the death of Mustafa in 1535, his son Mustafa II, also known as Mustafa the Conqueror, ascended the throne. Under Mustafa II, Gandhara entered a period of expansion. The Sultanate prospered under the rule of the committed and effective Sultan. It also flourished economically due to its control of the major overland trade routes of east Outernatia.
Mustafa II expanded the northern frontier of the Sultanate by defeating Dalmadrian tribes in 1537. It was Mustafa's dream to reach the western coast to create a naval presence on the sea and he attacked the New Kingdom of Lettuce (Spanish: Nuevo Reino de Lettuce), a colony of the Spanish Emire, in 1538. It was the start of the Gandhari-Spanish War that lasted for 23 years, until Spain was defeated during the Battle of Shibam in 1561.
Emergence of an Empire
Gandhara grew rapidly during the second half of the 16th century. The Dabbagh (1565) and Umayyah Caliphate (1571) were added to the Gandhari territory. After the defeat of Kurdish tribes in 1575, the Gandhari Empire expanded further to the north. After the death of Mustafa II in 1577, his son Mustafa III conquered more lands, expanding Gandhara to the southeast and south. In 1592, Gandhari soldiers reached the coast of the Nuran Sea.
Neighbouring empires saw the Gandhari Empire as a serious threat, and in 1594 soldiers of the Almaranian Empire attacked the southern provinces of Gandhara. It was the start of the first Almaranian–Gandhari War that lasted until 1603, and ended with a stalemate with varying fronts between the Almaranian and Gandhari forces. A second conflict between the two empires started in 1615 and lasted until 1628, with a victory of Gandhara. Important areas of Almarania, including the Mavrija region, were ceded to Gandhara.
After this Gandhari expansion, a competition started between the Gandhari Empire and the Kingdom of V to become the dominant power in the region. Three wars have been fought between the two states during the 17th century. The last war, the Gandhari–V War of 1683–1699, ended with the Treaty of Sayed, a peace treaty in which Gandhara and V divided the areas between the states.
Gandhari Golden Age
The Treaty of Sayed started a period that became known in Gandhara as the Golden Age. The 18th century became a period in which Gandhari trade, science, military, and art were among the most acclaimed in the world. During its Golden Age, the Sultanate became one of the largest kingdoms of Outernatia, stretching from modern-day Lettuce, to Xara Khanate and Monteverde, and from the southern part of modern-day Dalmadria, to the borders of Háttųka and V. Its army was able to defend the empire against numerous invasions. The country prospered thanks to its enormous exports.
The Golden Age lasted until the 19th century. The year 1822 is considered by historians as the turning point in the hegemony of the Sultanate. Sultan Salman IV was defeated that year during the Battle of the Nuran Sea by a coalition of countries and as a result Gandhara lost important territories in the east.
The loss of the eastern territories and war expenses led to financial problems, which resulted in an economical and cultural downfall of the Sultanate. Further territories were lost during the Dalmadrian–Gandhari War of 1852–1859. This period in Gandhari history is also characterized by internal conflicts in which ethnic groups opposed the rule of the Sultan. Examples include the Umayyah Uprising (1865) and the Kurdish Rebellion (1869–1873). The Sultanate era finally ended with the death of Sultan Ebrahim V in 1878.
Al-Mansur dynasty
After the death of Sultan Ebrahim V, there was a short period of civil unrest in which Abbas al-Mansur, member of a prominent family, and an important military leader, ascended the throne. Abbas crowned himself Emir and found the Al-Mansur dynasty. Under Abbas al-Mansur, Gandhara experienced a revival of economic prosperity. It resisted efforts to be colonised, although the Emirate lost lands as a result of British and Russian empire-building, known as The Great Game.
The government during the Al-Mansur dynasty can be characterized as autocratic. The supreme power was concentrated in the hands of the Emir, whose decisions were subject to neither external legal restraints nor regularized mechanisms of popular control. Political opponents were imprisoned and the criminal justice system was dominated by arbitrariness. Abusive treatment and torture were often practiced and a range of offences were subject to the death penalty.
At the beginning of the 20th century, a demand for modernization of the Gandhari political structure was born. After the Russian Constitution and the Persian Constitution in 1906, the idea started to grow that Gandhara should turn into a constitutional monarchy. Another point of criticism was the fact that the government granted economic privileges to the United Kingdom and France. The Al-Mansur family saw Western European powers as important allies, and therefore Emir Rahimullah al-Mansur granted their ships free access to the main harbours and he gave several fiscal privileges to English and French companies. Inspired by the Russian Revolution of 1917, a wave of mass political and social unrest spread through vast areas of Gandhara during the spring of 1918. This became known as the Constitutional Revolution of Gandhara.
During the Constitutional Revolution, the Gandhari army managed to stop the opposition, but the Emir implemented reforms with the Gandhari Constitution of 1919. The Constitution set up a multiparty system and a limited constitutional monarchy. The Emir would share his autocratic power with a bicameral parliament, but he retained an absolute veto over legislation, as well as the right to dismiss the parliament at any time, for any reason he found suitable, which was often done.
Geography
Gandhara is located in eastern Outernatia. The country lies between latitudes 6°N and 3°S, and longitudes 127° and 137°E. It straddles the Equator, with 86% to the North and 14% to the South. The territory covers 672,172 km² (259,527 sq mi).
The landscape is dominated by rugged mountain ranges, desert basins, and, in the eastern part of the country, dense rain forests. Despite having numerous rivers and reservoirs, large parts of the country are dry. It is a very mountainous country, with the Hare Krishna mountain range, that extends north to south across the country, and contains Outernatia's highest point, Mount Taysir, at 7,412 m (24,318 ft).
Climate
The climate of Gandhara varies due to its geographical size. The largest part of the country has an arid or semi-arid climate, while the western and northern edge, and the eastern and southern part of the country have a subtropical climate.
High-lying areas can have harsh winters, with an average temperature in January below −15 °C (5 °F), while the low-lying areas have hot summers, where average summer temperatures exceed 38 °C (100.4 °F).
Administrative divisions
Gandhara is divided into 30 governorates, each governed by a governor, who is appointed by the President of Gandhara. The governorates are further divided into 351 districts, each of which is subdivided into subdistricts. Districts and subdistricts are administered by officials appointed by the governor, subject to the approval of the interior minister. These officials work on local matters with elected district councils and serve as intermediaries between the central government and local leaders.
The following is a list of all the 30 governorates in alphabetical order:
Demographics
Gandhara is a diverse country, consisting of different religious and ethnic groups that are unified through a shared Arab language and culture. The Gandhari people are the largest ethnic group of the country. Other major ethnic groups are the Kurdish and Baloch people, accounting for almost 23% of the total population.
As of 2014, the population of Gandhara is around 32,114,607. In 1950, the population was reported to be about 20.5 million. There are three cities with over a million residents: Manas, the capital Rhea, and Kazmi.
References
- ^ Thomas Watters (1904). "On Yuan Chwang's travels in India, 629–645 A.D.". Royal Asiatic Society. p. 200. "Taken as Gandhavat the name is explained as meaning hsiang-hsing or "scent-action" from the word gandha which means scent, small, perfume." At the Internet Archive.
